# demo for plotting images using pixels and binary 2d data
#
# This demo can be used for terminals supporting image display.
# Currently supported are:  X11, Aqua, postscript, png, pdf, svg,
# (e)pslatex, pstex, emf, wxt.

# Prepared by Dan Sebald
# History:
#	- Nov   2006 EAM: split into two files
#	- 9.23. 2003 ds: redone in response to discussion list feedback
#	- 5. 3. 2003 ds: 1st version

# Repeat of the 'using.dem' demo, but with binary 2d data.  'using.bin' is
# in the format int32, int8, int16/100, int8, int16/100, int16/100.
#
print ""
print "Not only can the 2d binary data mode be used for image data."
print "Here is an example that repeats the \`using.dem\` demo with the"
print "same data, but stored in binary format of differing sizes.  It"
print "uses different format specifiers within the \'format\' string."
print "There are machine dependent and machine independent specifiers,"
print "display by the command \'show datafile binary datasizes\':"
print ""
show datafile binary datasizes
print ""
set title "Convex     November 1-7 1989    Circadian"
set key left box
set xrange[-1:24]
plot 'using.bin' binary format='%*int32%int8%*int16%int8%*int16%*int16' using 1:2 title "Logged in" with impulses,\
     'using.bin' binary format='%*int32%int8%*int16%int8%*int16%*int16' using 1:2 title "Logged in" with points

Click here for minimal script to generate this plot

print ""
print "Again, a different format specification for \`using\` can be"
print "used to select different \"columns\" within the file."
print ""
set xrange [1:8]
set title "Convex     November 1-7 1989"
set key below
set label "(Weekend)" at 5,25 center
plot 'using.bin' binary format='%*int32%*int8%int16%int8%*int16%*int16' using ($1/100):2 title "Logged in" with impulses,\
     'using.bin' binary format='%*int32%*int8%int16%*int8%int16%*int16' using ($1/100):($2/100) t "Load average" with points,\
     'using.bin' binary format='%*int32%*int8%int16%*int8%*int16%int16' using ($1/100):($2/100) t "%CPU used" with lines
unset label

Click here for minimal script to generate this plot

print ""
print "Here is another example, one repeating the \`scatter.dem\`"
print "demo.  With binary data we cannot have blank lines to"
print "indicate a break in data, as is done with ASCII files."
print "Instead, we can specify the record lenths in the command."
print "In this case, the data file contains the (x,y,z) coordinate"
print "information, hence implicit derivation of that information"
print "is not desired.  Instead, the record lengths can be specified"
print "using the keyword \'record\', which behaves the same as"
print "\'array\' but does not generate coordinates.  The command is"
print "displayed on the graph."
print ""
set title "2d binary data example where record length is part of command"
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary endian=little record=30:30:29:26 using 1:2:3

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print ""
print "For binary data, the byte endian format of the file and of the"
print "compiler often require attention.  Therefore, the key word"
print "\'endian\' is provided for setting or interchanging byte"
print "order.  The allowable types are \'little\', \'big\', and"
print "depending upon how your version of Gnuplot was compiled,"
print "\'middle\' (or \'pdp\') for those still living in the medieval"
print "age of computers.  These types refer to the file's endian."
print "Gnuplot arranges bytes according to this endian and what it"
print "determines to be the compiler's endian."
print ""
print "There are also the special types \'default\' and \'swap\' (or"
print "\'swab\') for those who don't know the file type but realize"
print "their data looks incorrect and want to change the byte read"
print "order."
print ""
print "Here is an example showing the \`scatter.dem\` data plotted"
print "with correct and incorrect byte order.  The file is known"
print "to be little endian, so the upper left plot is correct"
print "appearance and the upper right plot is incorrect appearance."
print "The lower two plots are default and swapped bytes.  If the"
print "plots within the columns match, your compiler uses little"
print "endian.  If diagonal plots match then your compiler uses"
print "big endian.  If neither of the bottom plots matches the"
print "upper plots, Tux says you're living in the past."
print ""
set size 1.0, 1.0
set origin 0.0, 0.0
set multiplot
set format "%.2g"
unset ztics
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.0,0.47
unset key
set label 1 "If plots in columns match, your compiler is little endian" at 100,1200,3.0 center
set title 'Little endian' offset 0,-0.5
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary record=30:30:29:26 endian=little using 1:2:3
unset label 1
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.5,0.47
set title 'Big endian'
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary record=30:30:29:26 endian=big using 1:2:3
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.0,0.0
set title 'Default'
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary record=30:30:29:26 endian=default using 1:2:3
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.5,0.0
set title 'Swapped'
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary record=30:30:29:26 endian=swap using 1:2:3
unset multiplot

Click here for minimal script to generate this plot

print ""
print "This close up of a 2x2 image illustrates how pixels surround the"
print "sampling grid points.  This behavior is slightly different than"
print "that for pm3d where the four grid points would be used to create"
print "a single polygon element using an average, or similar mathematical"
print "combination, of the four values at those points."
print ""
set title "Close up of pixels having grid points (0,0), (0,2), (2,0) and (2,2)"
set xrange [-1.5:3.5]
set yrange [-1.5:3.5]
# As of version 5.2, RGB color components default to the range [0:255]
unset key
plot '-' with rgbimage, '-' with points pt 7 ps 2 lt -1
0 0   0   0 127
0 2   0 127   0
2 0   0 127   0
2 2   0   0 127
e
0 0
0 2
2 0
2 2
e

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print ""
print "Lower dimensional data may be extended to higher dimensional plots"
print "via a number of simple, logical rules.  The first step Gnuplot does"
print "is sets the components for higher than the natural dimension of the"
print "input data to zero.  For example, a two dimensional image can be"
print "displayed in the three dimensional plot as shown.  Without"
print "translation, the image lies in the x/y-plane."
print ""
set title "Simple extension of a two dimensional image into three dimensions"
set xrange [-10:137]
set yrange [-10:157]
set cbrange [0:255]
splot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flip=y format='%uchar%uchar%uchar' using ($1+$2+$3)/3 with image

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print ""
print "The key words \'rotate\' and \'center\' still apply in \'splot\' with"
print "rules similar to their use in \'plot\'.  However, the center must be"
print "specified as a three element tuple."
print ""
unset colorbox
set title "Orientation operations from \'plot\' also apply to to \'splot\'"
splot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flipy rotate=90d center = (63.5,63.5,50) format='%uchar%uchar%uchar' using ($1+$2+$3) with image

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print ""
print "To have full degrees of freedom in orienting the image, an additional"
print "key word, \'perpendicular\', can translate the x/y-plane of the 2d"
print "data so that it lies orthogonal to a vector given as a three element"
print "tuple.  The default vector is, of course, (0,0,1).  The vector need"
print "not be of unit length, as this example illustrates.  Viewing this"
print "plot with the mouse active can help visualize the image's orientation"
print "by panning the axes."
print ""
set title "The key word \'perpendicular\' applies only to \'splot\'"
set cbrange [0:255]
set style line 1 lt -1 lw 1
set style line 2 lt -1 lw 1
set style arrow 1 nohead ls 1
set style arrow 2 head filled size screen 0.025,30,45 ls 2
set arrow from -10,0,0 to 10,0,0 as 1
set arrow from 0,-10,0 to 0,10,0 as 1
set arrow from 0,0,-10 to 0,0,10 as 1
set arrow from 0,0,0 to 30,30,30 as 2
splot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flipy rot=1.0pi center = (63.5,63.5,50) perp=(1,1,1) format='%uchar%uchar%uchar' using ($1+$2+$3)/3 with image

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print ""
print "These concepts of extending lower dimensional data also apply"
print "to temporal-like signals.  For example, a uniformly sampled"
print "sinusoid, sin(1.75*pi*x), in a binary file having no data for"
print "the independent variable can be displayed along any direction"
print "for both \'plot\'..."
print ""
set size 1.0, 1.0
set origin 0.0, 0.0
set multiplot
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.0,0.47
unset key
set xrange [0:2]
set yrange [-1:1]
set label 1 "Temporal data having one generated coordinate" at 2.25,1.5 center
set title 'Along the x-axis' offset 0,-0.5
plot 'sine.bin' binary endian=little array=201 dx=0.01 origin=(0,0) format='%f' using 1 with lines
unset label 1
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.5,0.47
set xrange [-1:1]
set yrange [0:2]
set title 'Along the y-axis'
plot 'sine.bin' binary endian=little array=201 dx=0.01 origin=(0,0) rotate=0.5pi format='%f' with lines
set size 0.5,0.48
set origin 0.25,0.0
set xrange [-2.2:0.7]
set yrange [-2.2:0.7]
set title 'Along a 225 degree projection'
plot 'sine.bin' binary endian=little array=201 dx=0.01 rotate=225d origin=(0,0) format='%f' using 1 with lines
unset multiplot

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print ""
print "...and \'splot\'.  Here is the \'scatter.dem\' example again,"
print "but this simulates the case of the redundant x coordinates not"
print "being in the binary file.  The first \"column\" of the binary"
print "file is ignored and reconstructed by orienting the various"
print "data records."
print ""
set title "2d binary data example where x coordinate is ignored then generated"
set xrange [20:100]
set yrange [0:800]
set zrange [0.2:1.8]
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary endian=little record=30:30:29:26 origin=(25,0,0):(50,0,0):(75,0,0):(100,0,0) format='%f%f' using (0):2:3

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print ""
print "Some binary data files have headers, which may be skipped via"
print "the \'skip\' key word.  Here is the \'scatter.dem\' example"
print "again, but this time the first and third traces are skipped."
print "The first trace is 30 samples of three floats so takes up 360"
print "bytes of space.  Similarly, the third trace takes up 348 bytes."
print ""
set title "The key word \'skip\' used to ignore some data"
set xrange [20:100]
set yrange [0:800]
set zrange [0.2:1.8]
splot 'scatter2.bin' binary endian=little record=30:26 skip=360:348 origin=(50,0,0):(100,0,0) format='%f%f' using (0):2:3

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print ""
print "Generating uniformly spaced coordinates is valid for polar"
print "plots as well.  This is useful for data acquired by machines"
print "sampling in a circular fashion.  Here the sinusoidal data"
print "of the previous 2D plot put on a polar plot.  Note the"
print "pseudonyms \'dt\' meaning sample period along the angular,"
print "or theta, direction.  In Gnuplot, cylindrical coordinate"
print "notation is (t,r,z).  [Different from common math convention"
print "(r,t,z).]"
print ""
set size ratio 1
set title "Uniform sampling in the polar coordinate system"
set polar
set grid polar
set xrange [-1.3:1.3]
set yrange [-1.3:1.3]
# The sinusoid has period T=8/7.  Also, dx=0.01.  So solving 8/7 dt = 2/3 pi dx, we get dt = 0.018326.
plot 'sine.bin' binary endian=little array=201 dt=0.018326 origin=(0,0) format='%f' using 1 with lines

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print ""
print "Binary data stored in matrix format (i.e., gnuplot binary)"
print "may also be translated with similar syntax.  However, the"
print "binary keywords \`format\`, \`array\` and \`record\` do not apply"
print "because gnuplot binary has the requirements of float data"
print "and grid information as part of the file.  Here is an"
print "example of a single matrix binary file input four times,"
print "each translated to a different location with different"
print "orientation."
print ""
set style data lines
set hidden3d
set ticslevel 0
set key box
set title "Matrix binary data (gnuplot binary) translated"
set vi 70,10
set xrange [-3:15]
set yrange [-3:15]
set zrange [-0.2:1.2]
splot "binary3" binary center=(1.5,1.5,0), \
  "binary3" binary center=(10.5,1.5,0) rotate=0.5pi u 1:2:3, \
  "binary3" binary center=(10.5,10.5,0) rotate=1.0pi u 1:2:3, \
  "binary3" binary center=(1.5,10.5,0) rotate=1.5pi u 1:2:3

Click here for minimal script to generate this plot

print ""
print "As with ASCII data, decimation in various directions can"
print "be achieved via the \`every\` keyword.  (Note that no down-"
print "sampling filter is applied such that you risk aliasing data"
print "with the \`every\` keyword."
print ""
print "Here is a series of plots with increasing decimation."
print ""
set style data lines
set hidden3d
set ticslevel 0
set key box
set title "Non-decimated matrix data file"
set view 70,45
set xrange [-3:3]
set yrange [-3:3]
splot "binary2" binary

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set title "Decimate by two in first dimension"
splot "binary2" binary every 2

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set title "Decimate by three in second dimension"
splot "binary2" binary every :3

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set title "Decimate by four in both dimensions"
splot "binary2" binary every 4:4

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print ""
print "Decimation works on general binary data files as well.  Here is the"
print "image file with increasing decimation."
print ""
set title "Decimation works on general binary data files as well.\nLet Tux have his fun..."
set xrange [28:98]
set yrange [55:125]
set label 1 "\"Can I do that?\"" at 64,116 center
plot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flipy format='%uchar' every 1:1:43:15:83:65 with rgbimage

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set title "... Sure, go ahead."
set xrange [-10:130]
set yrange [-8:157]
set label 1 "\"Picasso's \'Penguin on Beach\'\"" at 64,139 center
plot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flipy format='%uchar' every 8:8 with rgbimage

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print ""
print "Gnuplot understands a few common binary formats.  Internally"
print "a function is linked with various extensions.  When the"
print "extension is specified at the command line or recognized via"
print "a special file type called \'auto\', Gnuplot will call the"
print "function that sets up the necessary binary information.  The"
print "known extensions are displayed using the \'show filetype\'"
print "command.  E.g.,"
print ""
show datafile binary filetypes
print "Here's an example where an EDF file is recognized when Gnuplot"
print "is in \'auto\' mode.  Details are pulled from the header of"
print "file itself and not specified at the command line.  The command"
print "line can still be used to over-ride in-file attributes."
print ""
set title "Automatically recognizing file type and extracting file information"
plot 'demo.edf' binary filetype=auto with image

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print ""
print "The \'flip\', \'rotate\' and \'perpendicular\' qualifiers"
print "should provide adequate freedom to orient data as desired."
print "However, there is an additional key words \'scan\' which may"
print "offer a more direct and intuitive manner of orienting data"
print "depending upon the user's application and perspective."
print ""
print "\'scan\' is a 2 or 3 letter string representing how Gnuplot"
print "should derive (x,y), (x,y,z), (t,r) or (t,r,z) from the"
print "the datafile's scan order.  The first letter pertains to the"
print "fastest rate or point-by-point increment.  The second letter"
print "pertains to the medium rate or line-by-line increment.  If"
print "there is a third letter, it pertains to the slowest rate or"
print "plane-by-plane increment.  The default or inherent scan order"
print "is \'scan=xyz\'."
print ""
print "The pseudonym \'transpose\' is equivalent to \'scan=yx\' when"
print "generating 2D coordinates and \'scan=yxz\' when generating"
print "3D coordinates."
print ""
print "There is a subtle difference between the behavior of \'scan\'"
print "when dimension info is taken from the file itself as opposed"
print "to entered at the command line.  When information is gathered"
print "from the file, internal scanning is unaltered so that issuing"
print "the \'scan\' command may cause the number of samples along"
print "the various dimensions to change.  However, when the qualifier"
print "\'array\' is entered at the command line, the array dimensions"
print "adjust so that \'array=XxYxZ\' is always the number of samples"
print "along the Cartesian x, y and z directions, respectively."
print ""
set size 1.0, 1.0
set origin 0.0, 0.0
set multiplot
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.0,0.5
unset key
set xrange [-5:635]
set yrange [-5:635]
set tics out
set title 'Details read from file' offset 0,-0.5
plot 'demo.edf' binary filetype=auto with image
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.5,0.5
set title 'Transpose of file-read axes parameters'
plot 'demo.edf' binary filetype=auto transpose with image
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.0,0.0
set title 'Details specified at command line'
set label 1 "array=(32,64) dx=10 dy=5 scan=xy" at 315,500 center
plot 'demo.edf' binary array=(32,64) dx=10 dy=5 scan=xy skip=1024 format="%*float%float" using 1 with image
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.5,0.0
set title 'Transpose of command line axes parameters'
set label 1 "array=(64,32) dx=5 dy=10 scan=yx" at 315,500 center
plot 'demo.edf' binary array=(64,32) dx=5 dy=10 scan=yx skip=1024 format="%*float%float" using 1 with image
unset label 1
unset multiplot

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print ""
print "It is possible to enter binary data at the command line.  Of"
print "course, the limitation to this approach is that keyboards will"
print "allow entering only a limited subset of the possible character"
print "values necessary to represent general binary data.  For this"
print "reason, the primary application for binary data at the command"
print "line is using Gnuplot through a pipe.  For example, if a pipe"
print "is established with a C program, the function \'fputs()\' can"
print "send ASCII strings containing the Gnuplot commands while the"
print "function \'fwrite()\' can send binary data."
print ""
print "Furthermore, there can be no special ending character such as"
print "in the case of ASCII data entry where \'e\' represents the end"
print "of data for the special file \'-\'.  It is important to note"
print "that when \'binary\' is specified, Gnuplot will continue"
print "reading until reaching the number of elements specified via"
print "the \'array\' or \'record\' command."
print ""
print "Here is an example of binary data at the command line where"
print "keyboard input has been side stepped by copying 48 bytes from"
print "a pre-existing binary file into this demo file."
print ""
set title "Binary data specified at the command line, intended for use through pipe"
set xrange [-1.5:3.5]
set yrange [-1.5:3.5]
# The binary values are in the range [0.0:1.0]
# We could use the new command "set rgbmax 1.0" but here we instead show scaling in the using spec
#
plot '-' binary endian=little array=(2,2) dx=2 format="%float" using ($1*255.):($2*255.):($3*255.) with rgbimage,\
     '-' binary endian=little record=4 format="%char" using 1:2 with points pt 7 ps 2 lt -1
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print ""
print "ASCII data files have a matrix variant.  Unlike matrix binary,"
print "ASCII binary may have multiple matrices per file, separted"
print "by a blank line.  The keyword \`index\` can select the desired"
print "matrix to plot."
print ""
set style data lines
set hidden3d
set ticslevel 0
set key box
set view 70,45
set multiplot
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.0,0.5
unset key
set tics out
set title "'asciimat.dat' matrix index 0"
splot 'asciimat.dat' matrix index 0
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.5,0.5
set title "'asciimat.dat' matrix index 1"
splot 'asciimat.dat' matrix index 1
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.0,0.0
set title "'asciimat.dat' matrix index 2"
splot 'asciimat.dat' matrix index 2
set size 0.5,0.5
set origin 0.5,0.0
set title "'asciimat.dat' matrix index 2 using 1:(2*$2):($3*$3)"
splot 'asciimat.dat' matrix index 2 using 1:(2*$2):($3*$3)
unset multiplot

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print ""
print "Images maintain orientation with respect to axis direction."
print "All plots show the same exact plot, but with various states"
print "of reversed axes.  The upper left plot has reversed x axis,"
print "the upper right plot has conventional axes, the lower left"
print "plot has both reversed x and y axes, and the lower right"
print "plot has reversed y axis."
print ""
set size 1.0, 1.0
set origin 0.0, 0.0
set multiplot
set size 0.5,0.48
unset key
set origin 0.0,0.47
set xrange [127.5:-0.5]
set x2range [127.5:-0.5]
set yrange [-0.5:127.5]
set y2range [-0.5:127.5]
set xtics out mirror
unset ytics
set y2tics out mirror
set title '"Eccentric coordinate systems"' offset 0,-0.5
set label 1 "Images reverse according to axis orientation" at -30,162 center
plot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flip=y format='%uchar' using 1:2:3 with rgbimage
unset label 1
set origin 0.5,0.47
set xrange [-0.5:127.5]
set x2range [-0.5:127.5]
unset y2tics
set ytics out mirror
set title '"Cartesian plane!"'
replot
set origin 0.0,0.04
unset xtics
set xrange [127.5:-0.5]
set x2range [127.5:-0.5]
set x2tics out mirror
unset ytics
set yrange [127.5:-0.5]
set y2range [127.5:-0.5]
set y2tics out mirror
unset title
set title ' ' offset 0,-0.5
set label 1 '"Nato, ergo sum."' at 64,140 center rotate by 180
replot
set origin 0.5,0.04
set xrange [-0.5:127.5]
set x2range [-0.5:127.5]
unset y2tics
set ytics out mirror
set title ' ' offset 0,-0.5
set label 1 '"Physics is phun."' at 64,140 center rotate by 180
replot
unset multiplot

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print ""
print "Tux says \"bye-bye\"."
print ""
set xrange [-0.5:137.5]
set yrange [-0.5:137.5]
unset border
unset xtics
unset ytics
unset ztics
unset key
unset colorbox
set tmargin 0
set bmargin 0
set rmargin 0
set lmargin 0
set view 60, 45, 1, 1
set label 1 "Tux in a reflective mood" at 140,0,40 center
splot 'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flip=y rot=90d origin=(0,0,0) perp = (1,0,0) format='%uchar' with rgbimage, \
      'blutux.rgb' binary array=(128,128) flipy rot=90d origin=(+137,+137,0) perp=(0,1,0) format='%uchar' with rgbimage

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print ""
print "End of image demo..."